Physics X - Chapter 04 : Carbon and its Compounds
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Quick Revision : Carbon and its Compounds
- Covalent Bond: Sharing of electrons between atoms (e.g., CH₄, H₂, O₂).
- Tetravalency: Carbon has 4 valence electrons, forms 4 covalent bonds.
- Catenation: Carbon's unique ability to form long chains/rings with other carbon atoms.
- Saturated Hydrocarbons: Only single bonds (Alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂).
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Double/triple bonds (Alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ, Alkynes: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂).
- Homologous Series: Compounds with same functional group, differ by –CH₂– unit.
- Functional Groups: –OH (alcohol), –CHO (aldehyde), –COOH (carboxylic acid), etc.
- Nomenclature: IUPAC naming based on carbon chain + prefix/suffix for functional group.
- Combustion: Carbon compounds burn in O₂ to give CO₂ + H₂O + heat/light.
- Oxidation: Alcohols → Carboxylic acids using KMnO₄/K₂Cr₂O₇.
- Addition Reaction: Unsaturated hydrocarbons + H₂ (Ni catalyst) → Saturated (hydrogenation).
- Substitution Reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons + Cl₂ (sunlight) → Chlorinated compounds.
- Ethanol (C₂H₅OH): Alcohol, reacts with Na, dehydrates to ethene, used as fuel/solvent.
- Ethanoic Acid (CH₃COOH): Vinegar (5-8%), forms esters with alcohols, reacts with bases/carbonates.
- Soaps & Detergents: Cleansing action via micelle formation; detergents work in hard water.
Basic Level Questions
Chapter Summary: Carbon and its Compounds
This chapter reveals why carbon is the backbone of life and modern chemistry. Starting with carbon's unique ability to form strong covalent bonds and endless chains (catenation), you'll explore how millions of organic compounds are built. You'll learn to classify hydrocarbons as saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double/triple bonds), understand homologous series, and master IUPAC nomenclature. The chapter brings carbon chemistry to life with real-world examples: why ethanol is used in spirits and fuel, how ethanoic acid makes vinegar sour, and the science behind soaps and detergents. You'll also discover important reactions like combustion, oxidation, addition, and substitution that transform carbon compounds in daily life and industry.
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