SCIENCE - CHAPTER 1 - MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

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  • Matter Definition: Anything that occupies space and has mass. Examples: air, water, stones.
  • Particle Nature: Matter is made of tiny particles that have space between them and are in continuous motion.
  • States of Matter: Solid (fixed shape/volume), Liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape), Gas (no fixed shape/volume).
  • Diffusion: Spontaneous mixing of particles of different substances. Faster in gases than liquids/solids.
  • Brownian Motion: Random zig-zag movement of particles in fluid due to collisions with molecules.
  • Melting Point: Temperature where solid changes to liquid. Ice melts at 0°C (273 K).
  • Boiling Point: Temperature where liquid changes to gas. Water boils at 100°C (373 K).
  • Latent Heat of Fusion: Heat required to convert 1kg solid to liquid at melting point without temperature change.
  • Latent Heat of Vaporization: Heat required to convert 1kg liquid to vapor at boiling point.
  • Sublimation: Direct change from solid to gas without liquid phase. Example: camphor, dry ice.
  • Evaporation: Surface phenomenon where liquid changes to vapor below boiling point.
  • Factors Affecting Evaporation: Surface area, temperature, humidity, wind speed.
  • Evaporation Causes Cooling: High-energy particles escape, reducing average kinetic energy.
  • SI Units: Temperature - Kelvin (K), Pressure - Pascal (Pa), Volume - cubic metre (m³).
  • Plasma & BEC: Fourth and fifth states of matter with unique properties.

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Chapter Summary

Matter in Our Surroundings introduces the fundamental concept that everything around us is composed of matter, which exists in three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas. The chapter explores the particle nature of matter, emphasizing that particles are extremely small, have spaces between them, are in continuous motion, and attract each other.

We learn how matter can change states through processes like melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation by altering temperature or pressure. The chapter explains key concepts like diffusion, latent heat, and the factors affecting evaporation. Understanding these principles helps explain everyday phenomena like why we feel cool after sweating, how smells spread, and why water boils at different temperatures at different altitudes.

This foundation in the nature and behavior of matter prepares students for more advanced concepts in chemistry and physics, making it essential for board exams and competitive tests. The chapter bridges theoretical knowledge with practical observations from daily life.

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